اختصاصی نشریه اینترنتی نوجوان ها
اگر به خاطر داشته باشید جلسه پیش در مورد گذشته ساده صحبت کردیم . در زبان انگلیسی افعال زمان گذشته استثنا های زیادی دارند. اما نگران نباشید چون اگر قدری روی حفظ کردن افعال بی قاعده وقت بگذارید بسیار پیشرفت خواهید کرد . این افعال نه تنها در گذشته ساده استفاده می شوند ، بلکه در زمان های دیگر زبان انگلیسی هم از این افعال استفاده می کنیم. سعی کنید این افعال را به خاطر بسپارید. لیستی از این افعال تهیه کنید یا به صورت سئویسید و همه جا با خود حمل کنید تا کاملا ملکه ذهنتان شوند.
افعال گذشته در زبان انگلیسی:
افعال گذشته به دو دسته تقسیم می شوند:
1- افعال با قاعده که به آخر این افعال (ای دی) اضافه می شود:
Watch—-watched
Work—-worked
2- افعال بی قاعده که لیستی از آنها برای شما عزیزان فراهم کرده ایم.نحوه نوشتار و تلفظ این افعال گذشته با شکل حال آنها متفاوت است.
همان طور که گفتیم و شما نوجوانان عزیز می دانید استثناهایی وجود دارد.
برخی از افعال در هر سه حالت حال، گذشته و گذشته کامل مانند هم نوشته و تلفظ می شوند:
|
حال |
گذشته |
گذشته کامل |
|
bet* |
bet |
bet |
|
Burst |
burst |
burst |
|
Cost |
cost |
cost |
|
Cut |
cut |
cut |
|
Hit |
hit |
hit |
|
Hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
|
Let |
let |
let |
|
Put |
put |
put |
|
Read |
read |
read |
|
Set |
set |
set |
|
Shut |
shut |
shut |
برخی از افعال در حالت حال و گذشته مشترک هستند:
|
Infinitive |
simple past |
past participle |
|
Beat |
beat |
beaten |
برخی از افعال در حالت حال و گذشته کامل مشترک هستند:
|
Infinitive |
simple past |
past participle |
|
Come |
came |
come |
|
Run |
ran |
run |
|
Become |
became |
become |
برخی از افعال در حالت گذشته و گذشته کامل با هم مشترک هستند:
|
Infinitive |
simple past |
past participle |
|
Bring |
brought |
brought |
|
Build |
built |
built |
|
Buy |
bought |
bought |
|
Catch |
caught |
caught |
|
Deal |
dealt |
dealt |
|
Feed |
fed |
fed |
|
Feel |
felt |
felt |
|
Fight |
fought |
fought |
|
Find |
found |
found |
|
Get |
got |
got |
|
Hang |
hung |
hung |
|
Have |
had |
had |
|
Hear |
heard |
heard |
|
Hold |
held |
held |
|
Keep |
kept |
kept |
|
Lay |
laid |
laid |
|
Lead |
led |
led |
|
Leave |
left |
left |
|
Lend |
lent |
lent |
|
light* |
lit |
lit |
|
Lose |
lost |
lost |
|
Make |
made |
made |
|
Mean |
meant |
meant |
|
Meet |
met |
met |
|
Pay |
paid |
Paid |
|
Say |
said |
Said |
|
Sell |
sold |
Sold |
|
Send |
sent |
Sent |
|
Shine |
shone |
shone |
|
Shoot |
shot |
Shot |
|
Sit |
sat |
Sat |
|
Sleep |
slept |
slept |
|
Slide |
slid |
Slid |
|
Spend |
spent |
spent |
|
Stand |
stood |
stood |
|
Stick |
stuck |
stuck |
|
Sweep |
swept |
swept |
|
Swing |
swung |
swung |
|
Teach |
taught |
taught |
|
Tell |
told |
Told |
|
Think |
thought |
thought |
|
Understand |
understood |
understood |
|
Win |
won |
Won |
برخی دیگر در سه حالت با هم متفاوت هستند:
|
Infinitive |
simple past |
past participle |
|
Be |
was/were |
Been |
|
Begin |
began |
begun |
|
Blow |
blew |
blown |
|
Break |
broke |
broken |
|
Choose |
chose |
chosen |
|
Do |
did |
Done |
|
Draw |
drew |
drawn |
|
Drink |
drank |
drunk |
|
Drive |
drove |
driven |
|
Eat |
ate |
eaten |
|
Fall |
fell |
fallen |
|
Fly |
flew |
flown |
|
Forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
|
Freeze |
froze |
frozen |
|
Give |
gave |
given |
|
Go |
went |
gone |
|
Grow |
grew |
grown |
|
Hide |
hid |
hidden |
|
Know |
knew |
known |
|
Lie |
lay |
lain |
|
Ride |
rode |
ridden |
|
Ring |
rang |
rung |
|
Rise |
rose |
risen |
|
See |
saw |
seen |
|
Shake |
shook |
shaken |
|
show* |
showed |
shown |
|
Sing |
sang |
sung |
|
Sink |
sank |
sunk |
|
Speak |
spoke |
spoken |
|
Spring |
sprang |
sprung |
|
Steal |
stole |
stolen |
|
Swear |
swore |
sworn |
|
Swim |
swam |
swum |
|
Take |
took |
taken |
|
Tear |
tore |
torn |
|
Throw |
threw |
thrown |
|
Wake |
woke |
woken |
|
Wear |
wore |
worn |
|
Weave |
wove |
woven |
|
Write |
wrote |
written |
